Making Things Move, Ksiazki Tutoriale ENG
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Making Things Move
DIY Mechanisms for Inventors,
Hobbyists, and Artists
Dustyn Roberts
New York
Chicago
San Francisco
Lisbon
London
Madrid
Mexico City
Milan
New Delhi
San Juan
Seoul
Singapore
Sydney
Toronto
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ISBN: 978-0-07-174168-2
MHID: 0-07-174168-2
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Contents
Acknowledgments, ix
Introduction, xi
1
Introduction to Mechanisms and Machines
. . . .
1
Six Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1. Levers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
2. Pulleys
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
3. Wheel and Axle
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
4. Inclined Planes and Wedges
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
5. Screws
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
6. Gears
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Design Constraints and Degrees of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Degrees of Freedom
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Minimum Constraint Design
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Project 1-1: Rube Goldberg Breakfast Machine
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
2
Materials: How to Choose and Where
to Find Them
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Describing Materials
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Material Properties
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Material Failure: Stress, Buckling, and Fatigue
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
How to Tolerate Tolerances
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
iv
Making Things Move
Material Types
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
Metals
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
Ceramics
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
Polymers (Plastics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
Composites
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
Semiconductors
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Biomaterials
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Project 2-1: Different Diving Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
3
Screw It or Glue It: Fastening and
Joining Parts
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Nonpermanent Joints: Fasteners
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Screws, Bolts, and Tapped Holes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
Project 3-1: Drill and Tap a Hole
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
Nuts
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
Washers
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
Nails and Staples
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
Pins
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
Retaining Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
Permanent Joints: Glues, Rivets, and Welds
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
Adhesives
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
Rivets
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
Welding, Brazing, and Soldering
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
4
Forces, Friction, and Torque (Oh My!) . . . . . . . . .
73
Torque Calculations
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
Friction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
Project 4-1: Estimate the Coefficient of Friction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
Reducing Friction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
Free Body Diagrams and Graffiti Robots
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
How to Measure Force and Torque
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
Measuring Force
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
Measuring Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
Project 4-2: Measure Motor Torque
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
5
Mechanical and Electrical Power, Work,
and Energy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
Mechanical Power
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
Electrical Power
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
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